Cairn terriers have big character. They are easily recognized because of Dorothy's beloved "Toto" from The Wizard of Oz. Yet, many do not know what to expect from this breed. Read on to learn more about this charming yet feisty dog.
Origin and History
The cairn terrier, a Scottish breed, gets their name from the job they were bred to do, which was mainly to rid farms of vermin by cornering them in their dens or "cairns" until the farmers could get there to finish the job. These hearty dogs were once grouped together with Scottish, Skye, and West Highland White Terriers, but these breeds were separated out around the early 20th century and have been bred separately ever since. Today, the cairn is more often a household companion rather than a working dog.
Breed Characteristics
The cairn is very inquisitive and fast to pick up new information. Like all terriers, they have a stubborn, independent streak.
General Appearance
Cairns are feisty little creatures that stand about 10 to 12 inches tall at the shoulder and weigh 14 to 15 pounds on average. They are well-muscled and fairly low to the ground. Their skulls are slightly broader than they are long, and they have a well-defined stop and pricked ears. The eyes are wide-set in varying shades of hazel and should have a keen, bright expression. Cairns also have very strong paws to help them in one of their favorite pastimes -- digging! Tails are held upright on full alert.
The cairn's double coat is rough and weather resistant with a harsh, longer outer coat and a shorter, softer undercoat. All colors are acceptable other than white, and darker tippings on the ears, tail, and muzzle are preferred.
Temperament
Cairn Terriers are quick of mind, inquisitive, and always up for an adventure. This can be both good and bad. These dogs have rather dominant personalities like most terriers, and they will definitely attempt to rule the roost if you don't establish your rightful place as pack leader from the very beginning. Cairns are quite family-oriented and friendly with those they know, but they are also very independent.
Bear in mind that these dogs were bred to dig their way down tunnels in pursuit of their quarry, and they still have a strong instinct to dig today, whether it's under your fence or in your garden. It also stands to reason that these dogs' background chasing vermin usually leads to difficulty getting along with smaller pets in the home. They will also try to establish dominance over other dogs, and this can lead to quarrels and scraps.
Training
There is little that you can't train a cairn to do. Obedience training is imperative for establishing yourself as your dog's leader. These dogs also do well in terrier trials and Earthdog competitions, where they "go to ground" looking for vermin. They also do well in agility training although they aren't quite as competitive as other breeds. Cairns also enjoy spending a day in the field as hunter companions.
Exercise Requirements
Cairns have a lot of energy to burn, so daily exercise is needed to keep them fit. They should take a long walk everyday, and it's even better if you have an area where you can give them some time to run freely and explore. This is not only good for their bodies; it provides stimulation for their busy little minds. Cairns also love to play with their people, so don't be afraid to get out the Frisbee or ball for a rousing game of fetch.
Health
Although this breed is relatively healthy, there are still some health concerns to be aware of. Some common health issued faced by this breed include:
- Flea allergies
- Seizures
- Cataracts
- Progressive retinal atrophy
- Heart problems
- Knee problems
Lifespan
Cairn Terriers live a relatively long time in comparison to other breeds, often up to 15 years old.
Grooming
The good news is that cairns don't really shed in the typical way that leaves loose fur floating around the house. The bad news is that loose fur tends to hang in the coat and cause mats. This means that it's necessary to brush these dogs three to four times a week. Typically, Cairns require hand stripping to remove their dense undercoat, which involves using a special technique or tools to remove dead hair from the undercoat.
Bathe your dog about once a month, or as needed, depending on your dog's activity level. It's also necessary to trim those bushy eyebrows and upper muzzle hair away from the eyes, as well as trim the hair growing in the ears for better air flow. Dogs who do not wear down their nails naturally outdoors should be clipped every other week.
Fun Facts About the Cairn Terrier
The Cairn Terrier is a unique, but popular, breed with some interesting tidbits to share:
- The term "cairn" refers to a stack of stones used as road markers and memorials.
- Their initial purpose was to slither into tunnels and rough passages after vermin, which explains their small size.
- Their front paws are heavily padded and larger than their back paws, giving them an edge while digging to catch rodents.
- They are stubborn and will push your limits.
- Toto's (from the Wizard of Oz) first owner gave her away.
Purchasing or Adopting a Cairn Terrier
If you're looking for a Cairn Terrier puppy, a good place to start is the Cairn Terrier Club of America (CTCA). The club has a breeder directory available as well as helpful tips on how to find responsible breeders with quality dogs. The American Kennel Club Marketplace page also has a breeder search. Expect to pay around $700 to $1,200, although higher-end show dogs from champion lines can cost as much as $5,000.
Rescue Organizations
If you would prefer a rescued dog, the breeder list on the CTCA lists breeders who are involved in rescuing Cairns. You can also contact these breed-specific cairn rescues:
- Col. Potter Cairn Rescue Network: A nonprofit rescue organization adopting Cairn Terriers, among other breeds, to loving homes.
- Cairn Rescue League: A national, nonprofit rescue rehabilitating and re-homing Cairn Terriers.
- Potomac Cairn Terrier Rescue: A rescue organization dedicated to re-homing Cairn Terriers and mixes.
Is the Cairn the Breed for You?
Cairn Terriers make delightful companions for experienced owners who understand the importance of establishing themselves as their pet's leader. Cairns require active ownership, so if you're looking for a fellow couch potato, you'd be better off with a Japanese Chin. On the other hand, if you lead an active lifestyle and you're looking for a dog to share your adventures with you, the Cairn is more than equal to the challenge.
